Document Type

Article

Abstract

Grid-forming (GFM) inverters are becoming increasingly important for future power systems, particularly in establishing and restarting microgrids after blackouts. The use of GFM inverters enables microgrids to operate independently of utility power and provide key advantages over synchronous generators in black start scenarios, including rapid startup and stable voltage and frequency support for critical loads. However, inverter-driven black start introduces unique challenges and operational considerations. This article examines key challenges and solutions, emphasizing inverter design, control strategies, and microgrid system requirements. Drawing on analysis, simulation, and experimental results, this article highlights the central role of GFM inverters in ensuring reliable and resilient microgrid operations.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3634530

Rights

© 2025 The Authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

APA Citation

Seo, G.-S., Wang, W., & Mirafzal, B. (2025). Microgrid Black Start Challenges: The Role of Grid-Forming Inverters. IEEE Access, 13, 198087–198101. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3634530

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