Document Type
Article
Abstract
Purpose: An updated, nationally representative examination of rural–urban differences in the experiences, health, and well-being of caregivers is needed; previous research on this topic uses older data or has limited generalizability. This study examines rural–urban differences in the characteristics, experiences, and health of caregivers. Methods: The 2021–2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n = 44,274 unpaid caregivers) was used, with rurality defined according to the 2013 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Urban-Rural Classification Scheme. Chi-square tests compared rural–urban differences in these caregivers’ characteristics, including demographic factors, caregiving intensity (e.g., weekly hours spent caregiving, reason for caregiving, past-month ADL/IADL assistance), caregiver's health (e.g., general health status and past month physical health, mental health, and limited activity), and caregiver's health behavior (chronic illness, smoking status, binge drinking, and annual checkups). Findings: Compared to urban caregivers, rural caregivers were more likely to have at least one chronic condition (58.3% vs. 53.2%; p < 0.0001), be obese (42.9% vs. 37.5%; p < 0.0001), be a smoker (24.2% vs. 15.5%; p < 0.0001), and less likely to be a binge drinker (12.7% vs. 15.3%; p = 0.003). Compared to urban caregivers, rural caregivers were more likely to report their general health status as fair/poor (20.3% vs. 17.0%, p = 0.0003) and were more likely to report 14 or more days of poor physical health in the past month (15.6% vs. 12.0%, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Understanding geographic disparities in the experiences and context of unpaid caregiving is needed to improve their overall well-being and health. Future research will be necessary to determine factors associated with these outcomes.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Publication Info
Published in Journal of Rural Health, Volume 41, Issue 2, 2025.
Rights
© 2025 The Author(s). The Journal of Rural Health published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of National Rural Health Association. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
APA Citation
Boswell, E. K., Brown, M. J., Donelle, L., Yell, N., Farrell, T., Hung, P., & Crouch, E. (2025). Geographic disparities in unpaid caregiving. The Journal of Rural Health, 41(2).https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.70039