Document Type

Article

Abstract

Background

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with physical and mental health difficulties in adulthood. This study examines the associations of ACEs with functional impairment and life stress among military personnel, a population disproportionately affected by ACEs. We also evaluate the extent to which the associations of ACEs with functional outcomes are mediated through internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Methods

The sample included 4,666 STARRS Longitudinal Study (STARRS-LS) participants who provided information about ACEs upon enlistment in the US Army (2011–2012). Mental disorders were assessed in wave 1 (LS1; 2016–2018), and functional impairment and life stress were evaluated in wave 2 (LS2; 2018–2019) of STARRS-LS. Mediation analyses estimated the indirect associations of ACEs with physical health-related impairment, emotional health-related impairment, financial stress, and overall life stress at LS2 through internalizing and externalizing disorders at LS1.

Results

ACEs had significant indirect effects via mental disorders on all functional impairment and life stress outcomes, with internalizing disorders displaying stronger mediating effects than externalizing disorders (explaining 31–92% vs 5–15% of the total effects of ACEs, respectively). Additionally, ACEs exhibited significant direct effects on emotional health-related impairment, financial stress, and overall life stress, implying ACEs are also associated with these longer-term outcomes via alternative pathways.

Conclusions

This study indicates ACEs are linked to functional impairment and life stress among military personnel in part because of associated risks of mental disorders, particularly internalizing disorders. Consideration of ACEs should be incorporated into interventions to promote psychosocial functioning and resilience among military personnel.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291725101189

APA Citation

Campbell-Sills, L., Edwards, E. R., Strizver, S. D., Choi, K. W., Kautz, J. D., Papini, S., Naifeh, J. A., Aliaga, P. A., Lester, P. B., Kessler, R. C., Ursano, R. J., Stein, M. B., & Bliese, P. D. (2025). Direct and indirect associations of childhood adversities with functional impairment and life stress among military personnel. Psychological Medicine, 55. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291725101189

Rights

© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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