Document Type

Article

Abstract

Real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) is an experimental testing methodology that divides a structural system into an analyticaland an experimental substructure. The analytical substructure is modeled numerically, and the experimental substructure ismodeled physically in the laboratory. The two substructures are kinematically linked together at their interface degrees of freedom,and the coupled equations of motion are solved in real-time to obtain the response of the complete system. A key challenge inapplying RTHS to large or complex structures is the limited availability of physical devices, which makes it difficult to representall required experimental components simultaneously. The present study addresses this challenge by introducing Online Cyber-Physical Neural Network (OCP-NN) models–neural network-based models of physical devices that are integrated in real-timewith the experimental substructure during an RTHS. The OCP-NN framework leverages real-time data from a single physicaldevice (i.e., the experimental substructure) to replicate its behavior at other locations in the system, thereby significantly reducingthe need for multiple physical devices. The proposed method is demonstrated through RTHS of a two-story reinforced concreteframe subjected to seismic excitation and equipped with Banded Rotary Friction Dampers (BRFDs) in each story. BRFDs arechallenging to model numerically due to their complex behavior which includes backlash, stick-slip phenomena, and inherentdevice dynamics. Consequently, BRFDs were selected to demonstrate the proposed framework. In the RTHS, one BRFD is modeledphysically by the experimental substructure, while the other is represented by the OCP-NN model. The results indicate thatthe OCP-NN model can accurately capture the behavior of the device in real-time. This approach offers a practical solution forimproving RTHS of complex structural systems with limited experimental resources.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70036

Rights

© 2025 The Author(s). Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

APA Citation

Malik, F. N., Cao, L., Ricles, J., & Downey, A. (2025). Online Cyber‐Physical Neural Network Model for Real‐Time Hybrid Simulation. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 54(13). https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.70036

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