Document Type

Article

Subject Area(s)

Humans; Spinal Cord Injuries (psychology, rehabilitation, complications); Social Isolation (psychology); Male; Female; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Major Depressive Disorder (epidemiology, psychology); Adult; Latent Class Analysis; Self Report

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To develop longitudinal structural models of social isolation and probable major depression (PMD) over a 5-year interval among participants with spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN: Longitudinal structural equation modeling of self-report assessments collected during two follow-ups (2013 as Time 1, 2018 as Time 2) of a 45-year multicohort longitudinal study. Participants (n = 557) were identified from a specialty hospital in the Southeastern United States and two Midwestern hospitals and were initially enrolled in 1973-1974, 1984-1985, 1993-1994, or 2003-2004. PMD symptomology was measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and was defined by PHQ-9 scores ≥ 10. Social isolation was represented by two latent dimensions: social disconnectedness, objective component measured by activities, and perceived isolation, based on subjective appraisals. Structural equation modeling assessed the relationship among social disconnectedness and perceived isolation measured at Time 1 and PMD measured at Times 1 and 2. RESULTS: Both social disconnectedness and perceived isolation, measured at Time 1, were significantly related with PMD measured at Time 1 (r = .49, p < .001; r = .66, p < .001) and Time 2 (r = .37, p < .001; r = .54, p < .001), indicating participants with greater perceived isolation and social disconnectedness were more likely to have greater likelihood of PMD, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Perceived isolation was more strongly related to PMD compared with social disconnectedness. CONCLUSION: Social isolation was associated with both current and future depression symptoms. People with more years post-SCI were less likely to have PMD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000533

APA Citation

Li, C., Newman, S., Clark, J. M. R., & Krause, J. S. (2024). A 5-year longitudinal structural equation model of social isolation and probable major depression among participants with spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000533

Rights

(c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved

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