Functional Consequences of the Creation of an Asp-His-Fe Triad in a 3/3 Globin

Document Type

Article

Subject Area(s)

Biochemistry

Abstract

The proximal side of dehaloperoxidase-hemoglobin A (DHP A) from Amphitrite ornata has been modified via site-directed mutagenesis of methionine 86 into aspartate (M86D) to introduce an Asp-His-Fe triad charge relay. X-ray crystallographic structure determination of the metcyano forms of M86D [Protein Data Bank (PDB) entry 3MYN] and M86E (PDB entry3MYM) mutants reveal the structural origins of a stable catalytic triad in DHP A. A decrease in the rate of H2O2 activation as well as a lowered reduction potential versus that of the wild-type enzyme was observed in M86D. One possible explanation for the significantly lower activity is an increased affinity for the distal histidine in binding to the heme Fe to form a bis-histidine adduct. Resonance Raman spectroscopy demonstrates a pH-dependent ligation by the distal histidine in M86D, which is indicative of an increased trans effect. At pH 5.0, the heme Fe is five-coordinate, and this structure resembles the wild-type DHP A resting state. However, at pH 7.0, the distal histidine appears to form a six-coordinate ferric bis-histidine (hemichrome) adduct. These observations can be explained by the effect of the increased positive charge on the heme Fe on the formation of a six-coordinate low-spin adduct, which inhibits the ligation and activation of H2O2 as required for peroxidase activity. The results suggest that the proximal charge relay in peroxidases regulate the redox potential of the heme Fe but that the trans effect is a carefully balanced property that can both activate H2O2 and attract ligation by the distal histidine. To understand the balance of forces that modulate peroxidase reactivity, we studied three M86 mutants, M86A, M86D, and M86E, by spectroelectrochemistry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of 13C- and 15N-labeled cyanide adducts as probes of the redox potential and of the trans effect in the heme Fe, both of which can be correlated with the proximity of negative charge to the Nδ hydrogen of the proximal histidine, consistent with an Asp-His-Fe charge relay observed in heme peroxidases.

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